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Casino gambling machine
Row of digital-based slot machines inside a casino in Las Vegas
A slot machine, fruit machine (British English), poker👌 machine or pokies (Australian English and New Zealand English) is a gambling machine that creates a game of chance for👌 its customers.
Slot machines are also known pejoratively as one-armed bandits, alluding to the large mechanical levers affixed to the sides👌 of early mechanical machines, and to the games' ability to empty players' pockets and wallets as thieves would.[1]
A slot machine's👌 standard layout features a screen displaying three or more reels that "spin" when the game is activated.
Some modern slot machines👌 still include a lever as a skeuomorphic design trait to trigger play.
However, the mechanical operations of early machines have been👌 superseded by random number generators, and most are now operated using buttons and touchscreens.
Slot machines include one or more currency👌 detectors that validate the form of payment, whether coin, banknote, voucher, or token.
The machine pays out according to the pattern👌 of symbols displayed when the reels stop "spinning".
Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about👌 70% of the average U.S.casino's income.[2]
Digital technology has resulted in variations in the original slot machine concept.
As the player is👌 essentially playing a video game, manufacturers can offer more interactive elements, such as advanced bonus rounds and more varied video👌 graphics.
Etymology
The "slot machine" term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins.
[3] "Fruit machine" comes from👌 the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels such as lemons and cherries.[4]History
1899 "Liberty Bell" machine, manufactured by Charles Fey.
Plaque👌 marking the location of Charles Fey's San Francisco workshop, where he invented the three-reel slot machine.
The location is a California👌 Historical Landmark.
Sittman and Pitt of Brooklyn, New York, developed a gambling machine in 1891 that was a precursor to the👌 modern slot machine.
It contained five drums holding a total of 50 card faces and was based on poker.
The machine proved👌 extremely popular, and soon many bars in the city had one or more of them.
Players would insert a nickel and👌 pull a lever, which would spin the drums and the cards that they held, the player hoping for a good👌 poker hand.
There was no direct payout mechanism, so a pair of kings might get the player a free beer, whereas👌 a royal flush could pay out cigars or drinks; the prizes were wholly dependent upon what the establishment would offer.
To👌 improve the odds for the house, two cards were typically removed from the deck, the ten of spades and the👌 jack of hearts, doubling the odds against winning a royal flush.
The drums could also be rearranged to further reduce a👌 player's chance of winning.
Because of the vast number of possible wins in the original poker-based game, it proved practically impossible👌 to make a machine capable of awarding an automatic payout for all possible winning combinations.
At some time between 1887 and👌 1895,[5] Charles Fey of San Francisco, California devised a much simpler automatic mechanism[6] with three spinning reels containing a total👌 of five symbols: horseshoes, diamonds, spades, hearts and a Liberty Bell; the bell gave the machine its name.
By replacing ten👌 cards with five symbols and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably👌 reduced, allowing Fey to design an effective automatic payout mechanism.
Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels👌 (50¢).
Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry.
After a few years, the devices were👌 banned in California, but Fey still could not keep up with the demand for them elsewhere.
The Liberty Bell machine was👌 so popular that it was copied by many slot machine manufacturers.
The first of these, also called the "Liberty Bell", was👌 produced by the manufacturer Herbert Mills in 1907.
By 1908, "bell" machines had been installed in cigar stores, brothels and barber👌 shops.
[7] Early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museum's Fey Collection.[8]
The first Liberty👌 Bell machines produced by Mills used the same symbols on the reels as did Charles Fey's original.
Soon afterward, another version👌 was produced with patriotic symbols, such as flags and wreaths, on the wheels.
Later, a similar machine called the Operator's Bell👌 was produced that included the option of adding a gum-vending attachment.
As the gum offered was fruit-flavored, fruit symbols were placed👌 on the reels: lemons, cherries, oranges and plums.
A bell was retained, and a picture of a stick of Bell-Fruit Gum,👌 the origin of the bar symbol, was also present.
This set of symbols proved highly popular and was used by other👌 companies that began to make their own slot machines: Caille, Watling, Jennings and Pace.[9]
A commonly used technique to avoid gambling👌 laws in several states was to award food prizes.
For this reason, several gumball and other vending machines were regarded with👌 mistrust by the courts.
The two Iowa cases of State v.
Ellis[10] and State v.
Striggles[11] are both used in criminal law classes👌 to illustrate the concept of reliance upon authority as it relates to the axiomatic ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of👌 the law is no excuse").
[12] In these cases, a mint vending machine was declared to be a gambling device because👌 the machine would, by internally manufactured chance, occasionally give the next user several tokens exchangeable for more candy.
Despite the display👌 of the result of the next use on the machine, the courts ruled that "[t]he machine appealed to the player's👌 propensity to gamble, and that is [a] vice."[13]
In 1963, Bally developed the first fully electromechanical slot machine called Money Honey👌 (although earlier machines such as Bally's High Hand draw-poker machine had exhibited the basics of electromechanical construction as early as👌 1940).
Its electromechanical workings made Money Honey the first slot machine with a bottomless hopper and automatic payout of up to👌 500 coins without the help of an attendant.
[14] The popularity of this machine led to the increasing predominance of electronic👌 games, with the side lever soon becoming vestigial.
The first video slot machine was developed in 1976 in Kearny Mesa, California👌 by the Las Vegas–based Fortune Coin Co.
This machine used a modified 19-inch (48 cm) Sony Trinitron color receiver for the👌 display and logic boards for all slot-machine functions.
The prototype was mounted in a full-size, show-ready slot-machine cabinet.
The first production units👌 went on trial at the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel.
After some modifications to defeat cheating attempts, the video slot machine was👌 approved by the Nevada State Gaming Commission and eventually found popularity on the Las Vegas Strip and in downtown casinos.Fortune👌 Coin Co.
and its video slot-machine technology were purchased by IGT (International Gaming Technology) in 1978.[citation needed]
The first American video slot👌 machine to offer a "second screen" bonus round was Reel 'Em In, developed by WMS Industries in 1996.
[15] This type👌 of machine had appeared in Australia from at least 1994 with the Three Bags Full game.
[16] With this type of👌 machine, the display changes to provide a different game in which an additional payout may be awarded.
Operation
A person playing a👌 video slot machine in Las Vegas
Depending on the machine, the player can insert cash or, in "ticket-in, ticket-out" machines, a👌 paper ticket with a barcode, into a designated slot on the machine.
The machine is then activated by means of a👌 lever or button (either physical or on a touchscreen), which activates reels that spin and stop to rearrange the symbols.
If👌 a player matches a winning combination of symbols, the player earns credits based on the paytable.
Symbols vary depending on the👌 theme of the machine.
Classic symbols include objects such as fruits, bells, and stylized lucky sevens.
Most slot games have a theme,👌 such as a specific style, location, or character.
Symbols and other bonus features of the game are typically aligned with the👌 theme.
Some themes are licensed from popular media franchises, including films, television series (including game shows such as Wheel of Fortune,👌 which has been one of the most popular lines of slot machines),[17] entertainers, and musicians.
Multi-line slot machines have become more👌 popular since the 1990s.
These machines have more than one payline, meaning that visible symbols that are not aligned on the👌 main horizontal may be considered as winning combinations.
Traditional three-reel slot machines commonly have one, three, or five paylines while video👌 slot machines may have 9, 15, 25, or as many as 1024 different paylines.
Most accept variable numbers of credits to👌 play, with 1 to 15 credits per line being typical.
The higher the amount bet, the higher the payout will be👌 if the player wins.
One of the main differences between video slot machines and reel machines is in the way payouts👌 are calculated.
With reel machines, the only way to win the maximum jackpot is to play the maximum number of coins👌 (usually three, sometimes four or even five coins per spin).
With video machines, the fixed payout values are multiplied by the👌 number of coins per line that is being bet.
In other words: on a reel machine, the odds are more favorable👌 if the gambler plays with the maximum number of coins available.
[18] However, depending on the structure of the game and👌 its bonus features, some video slots may still include features that improve chances at payouts by making increased wagers.
A "multi-way"👌 game with several winning lines
"Multi-way" games eschew fixed paylines in favor of allowing symbols to pay anywhere, as long as👌 there is at least one in at least three consecutive reels from left to right.
Multi-way games may be configured to👌 allow players to bet by-reel: for example, on a game with a 3x5 pattern (often referred to as a 243-way👌 game), playing one reel allows all three symbols in the first reel to potentially pay, but only the center row👌 pays on the remaining reels (often designated by darkening the unused portions of the reels).
Other multi-way games use a 4x5👌 or 5x5 pattern, where there are up to five symbols in each reel, allowing for up to 1,024 and 3,125👌 ways to win respectively.
The Australian manufacturer Aristocrat Leisure brands games featuring this system as "Reel Power", "Xtra Reel Power" and👌 "Super Reel Power" respectively.
A variation involves patterns where symbols are adjacent to one another.
Most of these games have a hexagonal👌 reel formation, and much like multi-way games, any patterns not played are darkened out of use.
Denominations can range from 1👌 cent ("penny slots") all the way up to $100.
00 or more per credit.
The latter are typically known as "high limit"👌 machines, and machines configured to allow for such wagers are often located in dedicated areas (which may have a separate👌 team of attendants to cater to the needs of those who play there).
The machine automatically calculates the number of credits👌 the player receives in exchange for the cash inserted.
Newer machines often allow players to choose from a selection of denominations👌 on a splash screen or menu.
Terminology
A bonus is a special feature of the particular game theme, which is activated when👌 certain symbols appear in a winning combination.
Bonuses and the number of bonus features vary depending upon the game.
Some bonus rounds👌 are a special session of free spins (the number of which is often based on the winning combination that triggers👌 the bonus), often with a different or modified set of winning combinations as the main game and/or other multipliers or👌 increased frequencies of symbols, or a "hold and re-spin" mechanic in which specific symbols (usually marked with values of credits👌 or other prizes) are collected and locked in place over a finite number of spins.
In other bonus rounds, the player👌 is presented with several items on a screen from which to choose.
As the player chooses items, a number of credits👌 is revealed and awarded.
Some bonuses use a mechanical device, such as a spinning wheel, that works in conjunction with the👌 bonus to display the amount won.
A candle is a light on top of the slot machine.
It flashes to alert the👌 operator that change is needed, hand pay is requested or a potential problem with the machine.
It can be lit by👌 the player by pressing the "service" or "help" button.
Carousel refers to a grouping of slot machines, usually in a circle👌 or oval formation.
A coin hopper is a container where the coins that are immediately available for payouts are held.
The hopper👌 is a mechanical device that rotates coins into the coin tray when a player collects credits/coins (by pressing a "Cash👌 Out" button).
When a certain preset coin capacity is reached, a coin diverter automatically redirects, or "drops", excess coins into a👌 "drop bucket" or "drop box".
(Unused coin hoppers can still be found even on games that exclusively employ Ticket-In, Ticket-Out technology,👌 as a vestige.)
The credit meter is a display of the amount of money or number of credits on the machine.
On👌 mechanical slot machines, this is usually a seven-segment display, but video slot machines typically use stylized text that suits the👌 game's theme and user interface.
The drop bucket or drop box is a container located in a slot machine's base where👌 excess coins are diverted from the hopper.
Typically, a drop bucket is used for low-denomination slot machines and a drop box👌 is used for high-denomination slot machines.
A drop box contains a hinged lid with one or more locks whereas a drop👌 bucket does not contain a lid.
The contents of drop buckets and drop boxes are collected and counted by the casino👌 on a scheduled basis.
EGM is short for "Electronic Gaming Machine".
Free spins are a common form of bonus, where a series👌 of spins are automatically played at no charge at the player's current wager.
Free spins are usually triggered via a scatter👌 of at least three designated symbols (with the number of spins dependent on the number of symbols that land).
Some games👌 allow the free spins bonus to "retrigger", which adds additional spins on top of those already awarded.
There is no theoretical👌 limit to the number of free spins obtainable.
Some games may have other features that can also trigger over the course👌 of free spins.
A hand pay refers to a payout made by an attendant or at an exchange point ("cage"), rather👌 than by the slot machine itself.
A hand pay occurs when the amount of the payout exceeds the maximum amount that👌 was preset by the slot machine's operator.
Usually, the maximum amount is set at the level where the operator must begin👌 to deduct taxes.
A hand pay could also be necessary as a result of a short pay.
Hopper fill slip is a👌 document used to record the replenishment of the coin in the coin hopper after it becomes depleted as a result👌 of making payouts to players.
The slip indicates the amount of coin placed into the hoppers, as well as the signatures👌 of the employees involved in the transaction, the slot machine number and the location and the date.
MEAL book (Machine entry👌 authorization log) is a log of the employee's entries into the machine.
Low-level or slant-top slot machines include a stool so👌 the player may sit down.
Stand-up or upright slot machines are played while standing.
Optimal play is a payback percentage based on👌 a gambler using the optimal strategy in a skill-based slot machine game.
Payline is a line that crosses through one symbol👌 on each reel, along which a winning combination is evaluated.
Classic spinning reel machines usually have up to nine paylines, while👌 video slot machines may have as many as one hundred.
Paylines could be of various shapes (horizontal, vertical, oblique, triangular, zigzag,👌 etc.)
Persistent state refers to passive features on some slot machines, some of which able to trigger bonus payouts or other👌 special features if certain conditions are met over time by players on that machine.[19]
Roll-up is the process of dramatizing a👌 win by playing sounds while the meters count up to the amount that has been won.
Short pay refers to a👌 partial payout made by a slot machine, which is less than the amount due to the player.
This occurs if the👌 coin hopper has been depleted as a result of making earlier payouts to players.
The remaining amount due to the player👌 is either paid as a hand pay or an attendant will come and refill the machine.
A scatter is a pay👌 combination based on occurrences of a designated symbol landing anywhere on the reels, rather than falling in sequence on the👌 same payline.
A scatter pay usually requires a minimum of three symbols to land, and the machine may offer increased prizes👌 or jackpots depending on the number that land.
Scatters are frequently used to trigger bonus games, such as free spins (with👌 the number of spins multiplying based on the number of scatter symbols that land).
The scatter symbol usually cannot be matched👌 using wilds, and some games may require the scatter symbols to appear on consecutive reels in order to pay.
On some👌 multiway games, scatter symbols still pay in unused areas.
Taste is a reference to the small amount often paid out to👌 keep a player seated and continuously betting.
Only rarely will machines fail to pay even the minimum out over the course👌 of several pulls.
Display screen of a slot machine in tilt mode
Tilt is a term derived from electromechanical slot machines' "tilt👌 switches", which would make or break a circuit when they were tilted or otherwise tampered with that triggered an alarm.
While👌 modern machines no longer have tilt switches, any kind of technical fault (door switch in the wrong state, reel motor👌 failure, out of paper, etc.
) is still called a "tilt".
A theoretical hold worksheet is a document provided by the manufacturer👌 for every slot machine that indicates the theoretical percentage the machine should hold based on the amount paid in.
The worksheet👌 also indicates the reel strip settings, number of coins that may be played, the payout schedule, the number of reels👌 and other information descriptive of the particular type of slot machine.
Volatility or variance refers to the measure of risk associated👌 with playing a slot machine.
A low-volatility slot machine has regular but smaller wins, while a high-variance slot machine has fewer👌 but bigger wins.
Weight count is an American term referring to the total value of coins or tokens removed from a👌 slot machine's drop bucket or drop box for counting by the casino's hard count team through the use of a👌 weigh scale.
Wild symbols substitute for most other symbols in the game (similarly to a joker card), usually excluding scatter and👌 jackpot symbols (or offering a lower prize on non-natural combinations that include wilds).
How jokers behave are dependent on the specific👌 game and whether the player is in a bonus or free games mode.
Sometimes wild symbols may only appear on certain👌 reels, or have a chance to "stack" across the entire reel.
Pay table
Each machine has a table that lists the number👌 of credits the player will receive if the symbols listed on the pay table line up on the pay line👌 of the machine.
Some symbols are wild and can represent many, or all, of the other symbols to complete a winning👌 line.
Especially on older machines, the pay table is listed on the face of the machine, usually above and below the👌 area containing the wheels.
On video slot machines, they are usually contained within a help menu, along with information on other👌 features.
TechnologyReels
Historically, all slot machines used revolving mechanical reels to display and determine results.
Although the original slot machine used five reels,👌 simpler, and therefore more reliable, three reel machines quickly became the standard.
A problem with three reel machines is that the👌 number of combinations is only cubic – the original slot machine with three physical reels and 10 symbols on each👌 reel had only 103 = 1,000 possible combinations.
This limited the manufacturer's ability to offer large jackpots since even the rarest👌 event had a likelihood of 0.1%.
The maximum theoretical payout, assuming 100% return to player would be 1000 times the bet,👌 but that would leave no room for other pays, making the machine very high risk, and also quite boring.
Although the👌 number of symbols eventually increased to about 22, allowing 10,648 combinations,[20] this still limited jackpot sizes as well as the👌 number of possible outcomes.
In the 1980s, however, slot machine manufacturers incorporated electronics into their products and programmed them to weight👌 particular symbols.
Thus the odds of losing symbols appearing on the payline became disproportionate to their actual frequency on the physical👌 reel.
A symbol would only appear once on the reel displayed to the player, but could, in fact, occupy several stops👌 on the multiple reel.
In 1984, Inge Telnaes received a patent for a device titled, "Electronic Gaming Device Utilizing a Random👌 Number Generator for Selecting the Reel Stop Positions" (US Patent 4448419),[21] which states: "It is important to make a machine👌 that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it actually has within the legal limitations that games of👌 chance must operate.
"[22] The patent was later bought by International Game Technology and has since expired.
A virtual reel that has👌 256 virtual stops per reel would allow up to 2563 = 16,777,216 final positions.
The manufacturer could choose to offer a👌 $1 million jackpot on a $1 bet, confident that it will only happen, over the long term, once every 16.
8👌 million plays.
Computerization
With microprocessors now ubiquitous, the computers inside modern slot machines allow manufacturers to assign a different probability to every👌 symbol on every reel.
To the player, it might appear that a winning symbol was "so close", whereas in fact the👌 probability is much lower.
In the 1980s in the U.K.
, machines embodying microprocessors became common.
These used a number of features to👌 ensure the payout was controlled within the limits of the gambling legislation.
As a coin was inserted into the machine, it👌 could go either directly into the cashbox for the benefit of the owner or into a channel that formed the👌 payout reservoir, with the microprocessor monitoring the number of coins in this channel.
The drums themselves were driven by stepper motors,👌 controlled by the processor and with proximity sensors monitoring the position of the drums.
A "look-up table" within the software allows👌 the processor to know what symbols were being displayed on the drums to the gambler.
This allowed the system to control👌 the level of payout by stopping the drums at positions it had determined.
If the payout channel had filled up, the👌 payout became more generous; if nearly empty, the payout became less so (thus giving good control of the odds).
Video slot👌 machines
Video slot machines do not use mechanical reels, but use graphical reels on a computerized display.
As there are no mechanical👌 constraints on the design of video slot machines, games often use at least five reels, and may also use non-standard👌 layouts.
This greatly expands the number of possibilities: a machine can have 50 or more symbols on a reel, giving odds👌 as high as 300 million to 1 against – enough for even the largest jackpot.
As there are so many combinations👌 possible with five reels, manufacturers do not need to weight the payout symbols (although some may still do so).
Instead, higher👌 paying symbols will typically appear only once or twice on each reel, while more common symbols earning a more frequent👌 payout will appear many times.
Video slot machines usually make more extensive use of multimedia, and can feature more elaborate minigames👌 as bonuses.
Modern cabinets typically use flat-panel displays, but cabinets using larger curved screens (which can provide a more immersive experience👌 for the player) are not uncommon.[23]
Video slot machines typically encourage the player to play multiple "lines": rather than simply taking👌 the middle of the three symbols displayed on each reel, a line could go from top left to the bottom👌 right or any other pattern specified by the manufacturer.
As each symbol is equally likely, there is no difficulty for the👌 manufacturer in allowing the player to take as many of the possible lines on offer as desired – the long-term👌 return to the player will be the same.
The difference for the player is that the more lines they play, the👌 more likely they are to get paid on a given spin (because they are betting more).
To avoid seeming as if👌 the player's money is simply ebbing away (whereas a payout of 100 credits on a single-line machine would be 100👌 bets and the player would feel they had made a substantial win, on a 20-line machine, it would only be👌 five bets and not seem as significant), manufacturers commonly offer bonus games, which can return many times their bet.
The player👌 is encouraged to keep playing to reach the bonus: even if they are losing, the bonus game could allow them👌 to win back their losses.
Random number generators
All modern machines are designed using pseudorandom number generators ("PRNGs"), which are constantly generating👌 a sequence of simulated random numbers, at a rate of hundreds or perhaps thousands per second.
As soon as the "Play"👌 button is pressed, the most recent random number is used to determine the result.
This means that the result varies depending👌 on exactly when the game is played.
A fraction of a second earlier or later and the result would be different.
It👌 is important that the machine contains a high-quality RNG implementation.
Because all PRNGs must eventually repeat their number sequence[24] and, if👌 the period is short or the PRNG is otherwise flawed, an advanced player may be able to "predict" the next👌 result.
Having access to the PRNG code and seed values, Ronald Dale Harris, a former slot machine programmer, discovered equations for👌 specific gambling games like Keno that allowed him to predict what the next set of selected numbers would be based👌 on the previous games played.
Most machines are designed to defeat this by generating numbers even when the machine is not👌 being played so the player cannot tell where in the sequence they are, even if they know how the machine👌 was programmed.
Payout percentage
Slot machines are typically programmed to pay out as winnings 0% to 99% of the money that is👌 wagered by players.
This is known as the "theoretical payout percentage" or RTP, "return to player".
The minimum theoretical payout percentage varies👌 among jurisdictions and is typically established by law or regulation.
For example, the minimum payout in Nevada is 75%, in New👌 Jersey 83%, and in Mississippi 80%.
The winning patterns on slot machines – the amounts they pay and the frequencies of👌 those payouts – are carefully selected to yield a certain fraction of the money paid to the "house" (the operator👌 of the slot machine) while returning the rest to the players during play.
Suppose that a certain slot machine costs $1👌 per spin and has a return to player (RTP) of 95%.
It can be calculated that, over a sufficiently long period👌 such as 1,000,000 spins, the machine will return an average of $950,000 to its players, who have inserted $1,000,000 during👌 that time.
In this (simplified) example, the slot machine is said to pay out 95%.
The operator keeps the remaining $50,000.
Within some👌 EGM development organizations this concept is referred to simply as "par".
"Par" also manifests itself to gamblers as promotional techniques: "Our👌 'Loose Slots' have a 93% payback! Play now!"[citation needed]
A slot machine's theoretical payout percentage is set at the factory when👌 the software is written.
Changing the payout percentage after a slot machine has been placed on the gaming floor requires a👌 physical swap of the software or firmware, which is usually stored on an EPROM but may be loaded onto non-volatile👌 random access memory (NVRAM) or even stored on CD-ROM or DVD, depending on the capabilities of the machine and the👌 applicable regulations.
Based on current technology, this is a time-consuming process and as such is done infrequently.
[citation needed] In certain jurisdictions,👌 such as New Jersey, the EPROM has a tamper-evident seal and can only be changed in the presence of Gaming👌 Control Board officials.
Other jurisdictions, including Nevada, randomly audit slot machines to ensure that they contain only approved software.
Historically, many casinos,👌 both online and offline, have been unwilling to publish individual game RTP figures, making it impossible for the player to👌 know whether they are playing a "loose" or a "tight" game.
Since the turn of the century, some information regarding these👌 figures has started to come into the public domain either through various casinos releasing them-primarily this applies to online casinos-or👌 through studies by independent gambling authorities.[citation needed]
The return to player is not the only statistic that is of interest.
The probabilities👌 of every payout on the pay table is also critical.
For example, consider a hypothetical slot machine with a dozen different👌 values on the pay table.
However, the probabilities of getting all the payouts are zero except the largest one.
If the payout👌 is 4,000 times the input amount, and it happens every 4,000 times on average, the return to player is exactly👌 100%, but the game would be dull to play.
Also, most people would not win anything, and having entries on the👌 paytable that have a return of zero would be deceptive.
As these individual probabilities are closely guarded secrets, it is possible👌 that the advertised machines with high return to player simply increase the probabilities of these jackpots.
The casino could legally place👌 machines of a similar style payout and advertise that some machines have 100% return to player.
The added advantage is that👌 these large jackpots increase the excitement of the other players.
The table of probabilities for a specific machine is called the👌 Probability and Accounting Report or PAR sheet, also PARS commonly understood as Paytable and Reel Strips.
Mathematician Michael Shackleford revealed the👌 PARS for one commercial slot machine, an original International Gaming Technology Red White and Blue machine.
This game, in its original👌 form, is obsolete, so these specific probabilities do not apply.
He only published the odds after a fan of his sent👌 him some information provided on a slot machine that was posted on a machine in the Netherlands.
The psychology of the👌 machine design is quickly revealed.
There are 13 possible payouts ranging from 1:1 to 2,400:1.
The 1:1 payout comes every 8 plays.
The👌 5:1 payout comes every 33 plays, whereas the 2:1 payout comes every 600 plays.
Most players assume the likelihood increases proportionate👌 to the payout.
The one mid-size payout that is designed to give the player a thrill is the 80:1 payout.
It is👌 programmed to occur an average of once every 219 plays.
The 80:1 payout is high enough to create excitement, but not👌 high enough that it makes it likely that the player will take their winnings and abandon the game.
More than likely👌 the player began the game with at least 80 times his bet (for instance there are 80 quarters in $20).
In👌 contrast the 150:1 payout occurs only on average of once every 6,241 plays.
The highest payout of 2,400:1 occurs only on👌 average of once every 643 = 262,144 plays since the machine has 64 virtual stops.
The player who continues to feed👌 the machine is likely to have several mid-size payouts, but unlikely to have a large payout.
He quits after he is👌 bored or has exhausted his bankroll.[citation needed]
Despite their confidentiality, occasionally a PAR sheet is posted on a website.
They have limited👌 value to the player, because usually a machine will have 8 to 12 different possible programs with varying payouts.
In addition,👌 slight variations of each machine (e.g.
, with double jackpots or five times play) are always being developed.
The casino operator can👌 choose which EPROM chip to install in any particular machine to select the payout desired.
The result is that there is👌 not really such a thing as a high payback type of machine, since every machine potentially has multiple settings.
From October👌 2001 to February 2002, columnist Michael Shackleford obtained PAR sheets for five different nickel machines; four IGT games Austin Powers,👌 Fortune Cookie, Leopard Spots and Wheel of Fortune and one game manufactured by WMS; Reel 'em In.
Without revealing the proprietary👌 information, he developed a program that would allow him to determine with usually less than a dozen plays on each👌 machine which EPROM chip was installed.
Then he did a survey of over 400 machines in 70 different casinos in Las👌 Vegas.
He averaged the data, and assigned an average payback percentage to the machines in each casino.
The resultant list was widely👌 publicized for marketing purposes (especially by the Palms casino which had the top ranking).[citation needed]
One reason that the slot machine👌 is so profitable to a casino is that the player must play the high house edge and high payout wagers👌 along with the low house edge and low payout wagers.
In a more traditional wagering game like craps, the player knows👌 that certain wagers have almost a 50/50 chance of winning or losing, but they only pay a limited multiple of👌 the original bet (usually no higher than three times).
Other bets have a higher house edge, but the player is rewarded👌 with a bigger win (up to thirty times in craps).
The player can choose what kind of wager he wants to👌 make.
A slot machine does not afford such an opportunity.
Theoretically, the operator could make these probabilities available, or allow the player👌 to choose which one so that the player is free to make a choice.
However, no operator has ever enacted this👌 strategy.
Different machines have different maximum payouts, but without knowing the odds of getting the jackpot, there is no rational way👌 to differentiate.
In many markets where central monitoring and control systems are used to link machines for auditing and security purposes,👌 usually in wide area networks of multiple venues and thousands of machines, player return must usually be changed from a👌 central computer rather than at each machine.
A range of percentages is set in the game software and selected remotely.
In 2006,👌 the Nevada Gaming Commission began working with Las Vegas casinos on technology that would allow the casino's management to change👌 the game, the odds, and the payouts remotely.
The change cannot be done instantaneously, but only after the selected machine has👌 been idle for at least four minutes.
After the change is made, the machine must be locked to new players for👌 four minutes and display an on-screen message informing potential players that a change is being made.[25]Linked machines
Some varieties of slot👌 machines can be linked together in a setup sometimes known as a "community" game.
The most basic form of this setup👌 involves progressive jackpots that are shared between the bank of machines, but may include multiplayer bonuses and other features.[26]
In some👌 cases multiple machines are linked across multiple casinos.
In these cases, the machines may be owned by the manufacturer, who is👌 responsible for paying the jackpot.
The casinos lease the machines rather than owning them outright.
Casinos in New Jersey, Nevada, Louisiana, Arkansas,👌 and South Dakota now offer multi-state progressive jackpots, which now offer bigger jackpot pools.[27][28]Fraud
Mechanical slot machines and their coin acceptors👌 were sometimes susceptible to cheating devices and other scams.
One historical example involved spinning a coin with a short length of👌 plastic wire.
The weight and size of the coin would be accepted by the machine and credits would be granted.
However, the👌 spin created by the plastic wire would cause the coin to exit through the reject chute into the payout tray.
This👌 particular scam has become obsolete due to improvements in newer slot machines.
Another obsolete method of defeating slot machines was to👌 use a light source to confuse the optical sensor used to count coins during payout.[29]
Modern slot machines are controlled by👌 EPROM computer chips and, in large casinos, coin acceptors have become obsolete in favor of bill acceptors.
These machines and their👌 bill acceptors are designed with advanced anti-cheating and anti-counterfeiting measures and are difficult to defraud.
Early computerized slot machines were sometimes👌 defrauded through the use of cheating devices, such as the "slider", "monkey paw", "lightwand" and "the tongue".
Many of these old👌 cheating devices were made by the late Tommy Glenn Carmichael, a slot machine fraudster who reportedly stole over $5 million.
[30]👌 In the modern day, computerized slot machines are fully deterministic and thus outcomes can be sometimes successfully predicted.[31]Skill stops
Skill stop👌 buttons predated the Bally electromechanical slot machines of the 1960s and 1970s.
They appeared on mechanical slot machines manufactured by Mills👌 Novelty Co.
as early as the mid 1920s.
These machines had modified reel-stop arms, which allowed them to be released from the👌 timing bar, earlier than in a normal play, simply by pressing the buttons on the front of the machine, located👌 between each reel.
"Skill stop" buttons were added to some slot machines by Zacharias Anthony in the early 1970s.
These enabled the👌 player to stop each reel, allowing a degree of "skill" so as to satisfy the New Jersey gaming laws of👌 the day which required that players were able to control the game in some way.
The original conversion was applied to👌 approximately 50 late-model Bally slot machines.
Because the typical machine stopped the reels automatically in less than 10 seconds, weights were👌 added to the mechanical timers to prolong the automatic stopping of the reels.
By the time the New Jersey Alcoholic Beverages👌 Commission (ABC) had approved the conversion for use in New Jersey arcades, the word was out and every other distributor👌 began adding skill stops.
The machines were a huge hit on the Jersey Shore and the remaining unconverted Bally machines were👌 destroyed as they had become instantly obsolete.
[citation needed]LegislationUnited States
In the United States, the public and private availability of slot machines👌 is highly regulated by state governments.
Many states have established gaming control boards to regulate the possession and use of slot👌 machines and other form of gaming.
Nevada is the only state that has no significant restrictions against slot machines both for👌 public and private use.
In New Jersey, slot machines are only allowed in hotel casinos operated in Atlantic City.
Several states (Indiana,👌 Louisiana and Missouri) allow slot machines (as well as any casino-style gambling) only on licensed riverboats or permanently anchored barges.
Since👌 Hurricane Katrina, Mississippi has removed the requirement that casinos on the Gulf Coast operate on barges and now allows them👌 on land along the shoreline.
Delaware allows slot machines at three horse tracks; they are regulated by the state lottery commission.
In👌 Wisconsin, bars and taverns are allowed to have up to five machines.
These machines usually allow a player to either take👌 a payout, or gamble it on a double-or-nothing "side game".
The territory of Puerto Rico places significant restrictions on slot machine👌 ownership, but the law is widely flouted and slot machines are common in bars and coffeeshops.[32]
In regards to tribal casinos👌 located on Native American reservations, slot machines played against the house and operating independently from a centralized computer system are👌 classified as "Class III" gaming by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), and sometimes promoted as "Vegas-style" slot machines.
[33] In👌 order to offer Class III gaming, tribes must enter into a compact (agreement) with the state that is approved by👌 the Department of the Interior, which may contain restrictions on the types and quantity of such games.
As a workaround, some👌 casinos may operate slot machines as "Class II" games-a category that includes games where players play exclusively against at least👌 one other opponent and not the house, such as bingo or any related games (such as pull-tabs).
In these cases, the👌 reels are an entertainment display with a pre-determined outcome based on a centralized game played against other players.
Under the IGRA,👌 Class II games are regulated by individual tribes and the National Indian Gaming Commission, and do not require any additional👌 approval if the state already permits tribal gaming.[34][35]
Some historical race wagering terminals operate in a similar manner, with the machines👌 using slots as an entertainment display for outcomes paid using the parimutuel betting system, based on results of randomly-selected, previously-held👌 horse races (with the player able to view selected details about the race and adjust their picks before playing the👌 credit, or otherwise use an auto-bet system).
[36]Private ownership
Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Virginia,👌 and West Virginia place no restrictions on private ownership of slot machines.
Conversely, in Connecticut, Hawaii, Nebraska, South Carolina, and Tennessee,👌 private ownership of any slot machine is completely prohibited.
The remaining states allow slot machines of a certain age (typically 25–30👌 years) or slot machines manufactured before a specific date.
Canada
The Government of Canada has minimal involvement in gambling beyond the Canadian👌 Criminal Code.
In essence, the term "lottery scheme" used in the code means slot machines, bingo and table games normally associated👌 with a casino.
These fall under the jurisdiction of the province or territory without reference to the federal government; in practice,👌 all Canadian provinces operate gaming boards that oversee lotteries, casinos and video lottery terminals under their jurisdiction.
OLG piloted a classification👌 system for slot machines at the Grand River Raceway developed by University of Waterloo professor Kevin Harrigan, as part of👌 its PlaySmart initiative for responsible gambling.
Inspired by nutrition labels on foods, they displayed metrics such as volatility and frequency of👌 payouts.
[37] OLG has also deployed electronic gaming machines with pre-determined outcomes based on a bingo or pull-tab game, initially branded👌 as "TapTix", which visually resemble slot machines.[38]
In Ontario, 4 April 2022 saw the re-introduction of the online gambling market.
This became👌 possible when the Canadian Criminal Code was amended to allow single-event wagering August 2021.
The province is expected to generate about👌 $800 million in gross revenue per year.[39]Australia
In Australia "Poker Machines" or "pokies"[40] are officially termed "gaming machines".
In Australia, gaming machines👌 are a matter for state governments, so laws vary between states.
Gaming machines are found in casinos (approximately one in each👌 major city), pubs and clubs in some states (usually sports, social, or RSL clubs).
The first Australian state to legalize this👌 style of gambling was New South Wales, when in 1956 they were made legal in all registered clubs in the👌 state.
There are suggestions that the proliferation of poker machines has led to increased levels of problem gambling; however, the precise👌 nature of this link is still open to research.[41]
In 1999 the Australian Productivity Commission reported that nearly half Australia's gaming👌 machines were in New South Wales.
At the time, 21% of all the gambling machines in the world were operating in👌 Australia and, on a per capita basis, Australia had roughly five times as many gaming machines as the United States.
Australia👌 ranks 8th in total number of gaming machines after Japan, U.S.A., Italy, U.K.
, Spain and Germany.
This primarily is because gaming👌 machines have been legal in the state of New South Wales since 1956; over time, the number of machines has👌 grown to 97,103 (at December 2010, including the Australian Capital Territory).
By way of comparison, the U.S.
State of Nevada, which legalised👌 gaming including slots several decades before N.S.W.
, had 190,135 slots operating.[42]
Revenue from gaming machines in pubs and clubs accounts for👌 more than half of the $4 billion in gambling revenue collected by state governments in fiscal year 2002–03.[43]
In Queensland, gaming👌 machines in pubs and clubs must provide a return rate of 85%, while machines located in casinos must provide a👌 return rate of 90%.
[citation needed] Most other states have similar provisions.
In Victoria, gaming machines must provide a minimum return rate👌 of 87% (including jackpot contribution), including machines in Crown Casino.
As of December 1, 2007, Victoria banned gaming machines that accepted👌 $100 notes; all gaming machines made since 2003 comply with this rule.
This new law also banned machines with an automatic👌 play option.
One exception exists in Crown Casino for any player with a VIP loyalty card: they can still insert $100👌 notes and use an autoplay feature (whereby the machine will automatically play until credit is exhausted or the player intervenes).
All👌 gaming machines in Victoria have an information screen accessible to the user by pressing the "i key" button, showing the👌 game rules, paytable, return to player percentage, and the top and bottom five combinations with their odds.
These combinations are stated👌 to be played on a minimum bet (usually 1 credit per line, with 1 line or reel played, although some👌 newer machines do not have an option to play 1 line; some machines may only allow maximum lines to be👌 played), excluding feature wins.
Western Australia has the most restrictive regulations on electronic gaming machines in general, with the Crown Perth👌 casino resort being the only venue allowed to operate them,[44] and banning slot machines with spinning reels entirely.
This policy had👌 an extensive political history, reaffirmed by the 1974 Royal Commission into Gambling:[45]
Poker machine playing is a mindless, repetitive and insidious👌 form of gambling which has many undesirable features.
It requires no thought, no skill or social contact.
The odds are never about👌 winning.
Watching people playing the machines over long periods of time, the impressionistic evidence at least is that they are addictive👌 to many people.
Historically poker machines have been banned from Western Australia and we consider that, in the public interest, they👌 should stay banned.
While Western Australian gaming machines are similar to the other states', they do not have spinning reels.
Therefore, different👌 animations are used in place of the spinning reels in order to display each game result.
Nick Xenophon was elected on👌 an independent No Pokies ticket in the South Australian Legislative Council at the 1997 South Australian state election on 2.
9👌 percent, re-elected at the 2006 election on 20.
5 percent, and elected to the Australian Senate at the 2007 federal election👌 on 14.8 percent.
Independent candidate Andrew Wilkie, an anti-pokies campaigner, was elected to the Australian House of Representatives seat of Denison👌 at the 2010 federal election.
Wilkie was one of four crossbenchers who supported the Gillard Labor government following the hung parliament👌 result.
Wilkie immediately began forging ties with Xenophon as soon as it was apparent that he was elected.
In exchange for Wilkie's👌 support, the Labor government are attempting to implement precommitment technology for high-bet/high-intensity poker machines, against opposition from the Tony Abbott👌 Coalition and Clubs Australia.
During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, every establishment in the country that facilitated poker machines was shut👌 down, in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus, bringing Australia's usage of poker machines effectively to zero.[46]Russia
In👌 Russia, "slot clubs" appeared quite late, only in 1992.
Before 1992, slot machines were only in casinos and small shops, but👌 later slot clubs began appearing all over the country.
The most popular and numerous were "Vulcan 777" and "Taj Mahal".
Since 2009,👌 when gambling establishments were banned, almost all slot clubs disappeared and are found only in a specially authorized gambling zones.
United👌 Kingdom
Row of old fruit machines in Teignmouth Pier, Devon
One armed bandits at Wookey Hole Caves
Slot machines are covered by the👌 Gambling Act 2005, which superseded the Gaming Act 1968.[47]
Slot machines in the U.K.
are categorised by definitions produced by the Gambling👌 Commission as part of the Gambling Act of 2005.
Machine category Maximum stake (from January 2014) Maximum prize (from January 2014)👌 A Unlimited Unlimited B1 £5 £10,000 or if the game has a progressive jackpot that can be £20,000 B2 £100👌 (in multiples of £10) £500 B3 £2 £500 B3A £1 £500 B4 £2 £400 C £1 £100 or £200 If👌 jackpot is repeated D (various) 10p to £8 £8 cash or £50 non-cash
Casinos built under the provisions of the 1968👌 Act are allowed to house either up to twenty machines of categories B–D or any number of C–D machines.
As defined👌 by the 2005 Act, large casinos can have a maximum of one hundred and fifty machines in any combination of👌 categories B–D (subject to a machine-to-table ratio of 5:1); small casinos can have a maximum of eighty machines in any👌 combination of categories B–D (subject to a machine-to-table ratio of 2:1).
Category A
Category A games were defined in preparation for the👌 planned "Super Casinos".
Despite a lengthy bidding process with Manchester being chosen as the single planned location, the development was cancelled👌 soon after Gordon Brown became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
As a result, there are no lawful Category A games👌 in the U.K.
Category B
Category B games are divided into subcategories.
The differences between B1, B3 and B4 games are mainly the👌 stake and prizes as defined in the above table.
Category B2 games – Fixed odds betting terminals (FOBTs) – have quite👌 different stake and prize rules: FOBTs are mainly found in licensed betting shops, or bookmakers, usually in the form of👌 electronic roulette.
The games are based on a random number generator; thus each game's probability of getting the jackpot is independent👌 of any other game: probabilities are all equal.
If a pseudorandom number generator is used instead of a truly random one,👌 probabilities are not independent since each number is determined at least in part by the one generated before it.
Category C
Category👌 C games are often referred to as fruit machines, one-armed bandits and AWP (amusement with prize).
Fruit machines are commonly found👌 in pubs, clubs, and arcades.
Machines commonly have three but can be found with four or five reels, each with 16–24👌 symbols printed around them.
The reels are spun each play, from which the appearance of particular combinations of symbols result in👌 payment of their associated winnings by the machine (or alternatively initiation of a subgame).
These games often have many extra features,👌 trails and subgames with opportunities to win money; usually more than can be won from just the payouts on the👌 reel combinations.
Fruit machines in the U.K.
almost universally have the following features, generally selected at random using a pseudorandom number generator:
A👌 player (known in the industry as a punter ) may be given the opportunity to hold one or more reels👌 before spinning, meaning they will not be spun but instead retain their displayed symbols yet otherwise count normally for that👌 play.
This can sometimes increase the chance of winning, especially if two or more reels are held.
) may be given the👌 opportunity to one or more reels before spinning, meaning they will not be spun but instead retain their displayed symbols👌 yet otherwise count normally for that play.
This can sometimes increase the chance of winning, especially if two or more reels👌 are held.
A player may also be given a number of nudges following a spin (or, in some machines, as a👌 result in a subgame).
A nudge is a step rotation of a reel chosen by the player (the machine may not👌 allow all reels to be nudged for a particular play).
following a spin (or, in some machines, as a result in👌 a subgame).
A nudge is a step rotation of a reel chosen by the player (the machine may not allow all👌 reels to be nudged for a particular play).
Cheats can also be made available on the internet or through emailed newsletters👌 to subscribers.
These cheats give the player the impression of an advantage, whereas in reality the payout percentage remains exactly the👌 same.
The most widely used cheat is known as hold after a nudge and increases the chance that the player will👌 win following an unsuccessful nudge.
Machines from the early 1990s did not advertise the concept of hold after a nudge when👌 this feature was first introduced, it became so well known amongst players and widespread amongst new machine releases that it👌 is now well-advertised on the machine during play.
This is characterized by messages on the display such as DON'T HOLD ANY👌 or LET 'EM SPIN and is a designed feature of the machine, not a cheat at all.
Holding the same pair👌 three times on three consecutive spins also gives a guaranteed win on most machines that offer holds.
It is known for👌 machines to pay out multiple jackpots, one after the other (this is known as a "repeat") but each jackpot requires👌 a new game to be played so as not to violate the law about the maximum payout on a single👌 play.
Typically this involves the player only pressing the Start button at the "repeat" prompt, for which a single credit is👌 taken, regardless of whether this causes the reels to spin or not.
Machines are also known to intentionally set aside money,👌 which is later awarded in a series of wins, known as a "streak".
The minimum payout percentage is 70%, with pubs👌 often setting the payout at around 78%.
Japan
Japanese slot machines, known as pachisuro (パチスロ) or pachislot from the words "pachinko" and👌 "slot machine", are a descendant of the traditional Japanese pachinko game.
Slot machines are a fairly new phenomenon and they can👌 be found mostly in pachinko parlors and the adult sections of amusement arcades, known as game centers.
The machines are regulated👌 with integrated circuits, and have six different levels changing the odds of a 777.
The levels provide a rough outcome of👌 between 90% and 160% (200% for skilled players).
Japanese slot machines are "beatable".
Parlor operators naturally set most machines to simply collect👌 money, but intentionally place a few paying machines on the floor so that there will be at least someone winning,[citation👌 needed] encouraging players on the losing machines to keep gambling, using the psychology of the gambler's fallacy.
Despite the many varieties👌 of pachislot machines, there are certain rules and regulations put forward by the Security Electronics and Communication Technology Association (保安電子通信技術協会),👌 an affiliate of the National Police Agency.
For example, there must be three reels.
All reels must be accompanied by buttons which👌 allow players to manually stop them, reels may not spin faster than 80 RPM, and reels must stop within 0.
19👌 seconds of a button press.
In practice, this means that machines cannot let reels slip more than 4 symbols.
Other rules include👌 a 15 coin payout cap, a 50 credit cap on machines, a 3 coin maximum bet, and other such regulations.[citation👌 needed]
Although a 15 coin payout may seem quite low, regulations allow "Big Bonus" (c.
400–711 coins) and "Regular Bonus" modes (c.
110👌 coins) where these 15 coin payouts occur nearly continuously until the bonus mode is finished.
While the machine is in bonus👌 mode, the player is entertained with special winning scenes on the LCD display, and energizing music is heard, payout after👌 payout.
Three other unique features of Pachisuro machines are "stock", "renchan", and tenjō (天井).
On many machines, when enough money to afford👌 a bonus is taken in, the bonus is not immediately awarded.
Typically the game merely stops making the reels slip off👌 the bonus symbols for a few games.
If the player fails to hit the bonus during these "standby games", it is👌 added to the "stock" for later collection.
Many current games, after finishing a bonus round, set the probability to release additional👌 stock (gained from earlier players failing to get a bonus last time the machine stopped making the reels slip for👌 a bit) very high for the first few games.
As a result, a lucky player may get to play several bonus👌 rounds in a row (a "renchan"), making payouts of 5,000 or even 10,000 coins possible.
The lure of "stock" waiting in👌 the machine, and the possibility of "renchan" tease the gambler to keep feeding the machine.
To tease them further, there is👌 a tenjō (ceiling), a maximum limit on the number of games between "stock" release.
For example, if the tenjō is 1,500,👌 and the number of games played since the last bonus is 1,490, the player is guaranteed to release a bonus👌 within just 10 games.
Because of the "stock", "renchan", and tenjō systems, it is possible to make money by simply playing👌 machines on which someone has just lost a huge amount of money.
This is called being a "hyena".
They are easy to👌 recognize, roaming the aisles for a "kamo" ("sucker" in English) to leave his machine.
In short, the regulations allowing "stock", "renchan",👌 and tenjō transformed the pachisuro from a low-stakes form of entertainment just a few years back to hardcore gambling.
Many people👌 may be gambling more than they can afford, and the big payouts also lure unsavory "hyena" types into the gambling👌 halls.
To address these social issues, a new regulation (Version 5.
0) was adopted in 2006 which caps the maximum amount of👌 "stock" a machine can hold to around 2,000–3,000 coins' worth of bonus games.
Moreover, all pachisuro machines must be re-evaluated for👌 regulation compliance every three years.Version 4.
0 came out in 2004, so that means all those machines with the up to👌 10,000 coin payouts will be removed from service by 2007.
[citation needed]Jackpot disputes
Electronic slot machines can malfunction.
When the displayed amount is👌 smaller than the one it is supposed to be, the error usually goes unnoticed.
When it happens the other way, disputes👌 are likely.
[48] Below are some notable arguments caused by the owners of the machines saying that the displayed amounts were👌 far larger than the ones patrons should get.
United States
Two such cases occurred in casinos in Colorado in 2010, where software👌 errors led to indicated jackpots of $11 million[49] and $42 million.
[50] Analysis of machine records by the state Gaming Commission👌 revealed faults, with the true jackpot being substantially smaller.
[51] State gaming laws did not require a casino to honour payouts👌 in that case.
Vietnam
On October 25, 2009, while a Vietnamese American man, Ly Sam, was playing a slot machine in the👌 Palazzo Club at the Sheraton Saigon Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, it displayed that he had hit a👌 jackpot of US$55,542,296.73.
[52] The casino refused to pay, saying it was a machine error, Ly sued the casino.
[53] On January👌 7, 2013, the District 1 People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City decided that the casino had to pay the👌 amount Ly claimed in full, not trusting the error report from an inspection company hired by the casino.
[54] Both sides👌 appealed thereafter, and Ly asked for interest while the casino refused to pay him.
[55] In January, 2014, the news reported👌 that the case had been settled out of court, and Ly had received an undisclosed sum.[56]
Problem gambling and slot machinesMills👌 Novelty Co.
Horse Head Bonus antique slot machine
Natasha Dow Schüll, associate professor in New York University's Department of Media, Culture and👌 Communication, uses the term "machine zone" to describe the state of immersion that users of slot machines experience when gambling,👌 where they lose a sense of time, space, bodily awareness, and monetary value.[57]
Mike Dixon, PhD, professor of psychology at the👌 University of Waterloo,[58] studies the relationship between slot players and machines.
In one of Dixon's studies, players were observed experiencing heightened👌 arousal from the sensory stimulus coming from the machines.
They "sought to show that these 'losses disguised as wins' (LDWs) would👌 be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses."[59]
Psychologists Robert Breen and Marc Zimmerman[60][61] found that players of👌 video slot machines reach a debilitating level of involvement with gambling three times as rapidly as those who play traditional👌 casino games, even if they have engaged in other forms of gambling without problems.
Eye-tracking research in local bookkeepers' offices in👌 the UK suggested that, in slots games, the reels dominated players' visual attention, and that problem gamblers looked more frequently👌 at amount-won messages than did those without gambling problems.[62]
The 2011 60 Minutes report "Slot Machines: The Big Gamble"[63] focused on👌 the link between slot machines and gambling addiction.
See alsoReferencesBibliography
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Por Raylane Martins — Curitiba
13/12/2023 11h00☀️ Atualizado 13/12/2023
Aos 36 anos, o atacante Rodrigo Pimpão ainda reluta quando o assunto é pendurar as☀️ chuteiras. Revelado pelo Paraná Clube e com passagens por Botafogo e Vasco, entre outros times, o jogador atuou nos últimos☀️ meses pelo Trieste, clube amador de Curitiba, onde foi campeão. Apesar disso, ele conta que é cedo para falar em☀️ aposentadoria e prefere usar o termo "modo de espera".
Pimpão revela que não viu gol de bicicleta contra Olímpia e comemora☀️ boa fase no Botafogo
— Não descarto voltar ao profissional. Ainda não. Estou no melhor momento da minha vida familiar e☀️ levando a minha carreira em "stand by" — disse Pimpão, em entrevista ao ge.
— Fiz mais de 500 jogos como☀️ profissional, mais de 100 gols. É uma carreira digna de um atleta esforçado, que se dedica ao máximo, e que☀️ é um pai de família. Não me arrependo das minhas decisões. Estou hoje aqui muito feliz por tudo que eu☀️ fiz e por tudo que eu posso fazer ainda — garante o atacante.
Na conversa com o ge, Pimpão falou sobre☀️ a carreira e relembrou principalmente as passagens por Vasco e Botafogo. Sobre o Alvinegro carioca, ele avaliou a campanha do☀️ time no Campeonato Brasileiro, deixando o título escapar após ficar na liderança em boa parte da competição.
— Uma situação inacreditável,☀️ depois de abrir grande vantagem no campeonato, liderar por 33 rodadas o mesmo, ficar na quinta colocação. Como explicar isso?☀️ Talvez as trocas de treinadores? Talvez o conformismo? Difícil achar alguma explicação. Acredito que o Botafogo está em uma fase☀️ de transição e, mesmo estando nesta fase, conseguiu uma vaga para a Libertadores de 2024 após sete anos. Um momento☀️ difícil de acreditar o que aconteceu no Brasileiro, mas de se comemorar por conseguir a vaga na Libertadores — comentou.
Auge☀️ com o Botafogo e golaço na Libertadores
Rodrigo Pimpão conta como foi a batalha do Botafogo contra o Colo-Colo na Libertadores
O☀️ auge da carreira de Rodrigo Pimpão foi disputando a Libertadores com a camisa do Botafogo. Em 2023, ele fez cinco☀️ gols, decidindo em jogos contra Colo-Colo, Olímpia, Estudiantes, Atlético Nacional e Nacional-URU. Alcançou ali as marcas de Jairzinho e Dirceu,☀️ da década de 70.
— Fizemos grandes jogos no final do ano de 2023 e conseguimos a tão sonhada classificação para☀️ a pré-libertadores em 2023. Jair Ventura assumiu o time, e o grupo se fechou. Um grupo trabalhador, unido, que sempre☀️ esteve focado. Fomos para a pré-libertadores, fizemos grandes jogos e chegamos à fase de grupos. Foi onde eu me destaquei☀️ mais. Hoje meu nome está na história do clube, e fazer história em um clube como o Botafogo é muito☀️ gratificante - lembra Pimpão.
Naquela temporada estão as lembranças preferidas do atacante. O principal lance é o gol de bicicleta feito☀️ sobre o Olímpia, no dia 15 de fevereiro de 2023 (assista no
— Como você fez isso? Qual foi☀️ a decisão? Futebol é assim, é aquele momento. Você tem um segundo para pensar, menos de um segundo para agir.☀️ Quando o Roger deu uma raspada na bola e ela passou, minha intuição foi tentar a bicicleta. As pessoas sempre☀️ me perguntam sobre aquele gol - conta o atacante.
Pimpão abre os braços após comemorar gol pelo Botafogo —
: Vitor☀️ Silva/SSPress/Botafogo
Início no Paraná Clube, passagem pelo Vasco
Rodrigo Pimpão cursava odontologia e jogava no time de futsal do Paraná Clube, quando☀️ teve a oportunidade de fazer um teste para o time de campo. Aprovado, ele teve o apoio dos pais para☀️ trancar a faculdade e começar a escrever uma história como jogador de futebol.
— O Paraná Clube não era campeão sub-20☀️ há onze anos e nós fomos campeões em 2007. Todos os atletas da base subiram para o profissional no ano☀️ seguinte. Fui destaque no meu primeiro ano como profissional no Paraná Clube e logo fui vendido ao Vasco da Gama,☀️ em 2009, com um contrato de quatro anos - recorda.
No Vasco, Pimpão participou da campanha do retorno à Série A,☀️ em 2009. Ele jogou cerca de um ano e meio com a camisa do cruzmaltino e foi emprestado.
— Tive uma☀️ lesão grave no final da Série B que foi uma luxação de cotovelo que me tirou dos últimos jogos do☀️ campeonato, mas eu estava no vestiário no jogo do acesso no Maracanã. O Dorival Júnior usou a minha camiseta na☀️ preleção. Quando luxei o braço no jogo lá no Castelão ele pegou essa camiseta e guardou porque o pessoal cortou☀️ a camiseta, e ele usou como motivação para os atletas naquele jogo tão importante que valia o acesso - conta☀️ o atacante.
Vc no Esporte: o segundo gol de Pimpão, do Vasco, sobre o Central-PE
Sobre o que o Vasco viveu no☀️ Campeonato Brasileiro deste ano, Pimpão vê o time em um processo de recomeço.
— O Vasco é um clube de tradição,☀️ e tem que ter coração para aguentar jogos com gols no finalzinho da partida. Um clube que agora está tendo☀️ investimento, que tem um ex-atleta como presidente [Pedrinho]. E um grande atleta, que eu espero que faça um grande trabalho☀️ como presidente do Vasco. É um cara que a gente já vinha escutando muito e que temos um grande carinho☀️ e respeito — declarou.
— Vasco vem nesta transição para SAF também e com ideias novas. Sofreu durante o campeonato brigando☀️ para não cair, mas Pedrinho assume como presidente e deve fazer um grande trabalho no clube. Uma permanência na Série☀️ A eleva o moral de todos para que próximo ano seja melhor — completou.
Rodrigo Pimpão com a camisa do Vasco☀️ — 
: André Durão
Por falar em virada...
As derrotas de virada do Botafogo contra Palmeiras e Grêmio, no Campeonato Brasileiro deste☀️ ano, levaram Rodrigo Pimpão às lembranças de uma virada que estará para sempre na memória do atacante. Das coisas que☀️ só o futebol explica. Na época, ele vestia a camisa do América-RN.
— Em todos os clubes que passei depois daquilo,☀️ quando estávamos com desvantagem ou mesmo com vantagem no placar, eu levei aquele jogo como exemplo. Nós vimos o Fluminense☀️ chegar com grandes nomes e perdemos em casa por 3 a 0. Fomos para o Rio de Janeiro e se☀️ eu falar que acreditávamos numa virada eu estaria mentindo. O treinador, Oliveira Canindé, deixou eu, Alfredo e mais dois ou☀️ três jogadores que eram titulares no banco porque teríamos um jogo importante da Série B depois — lembra Pimpão.
De virada,☀️ América-RN vence Fluminense por 5 a 2, no Maracanã, e avança na Copa do Brasil
— Fernando Henrique, que era nosso☀️ goleiro, viu que tinha muita gente cabisbaixo e começou a ativar a rapaziada. Fomos para o segundo tempo com mais☀️ confiança e mais vontade. Talvez a equipe adversária tenha se confortado. As coisas foram acontecendo minuto a minuto, e quando☀️ eram quase 90 minutos veio o quinto gol nosso, eu que marquei. Isso fez com que a gente entrasse em☀️ êxtase. Revejo as 
s, revejo os lances, revejo os gols, até hoje - conta.
Foram os 18 gols pelo América-RN que☀️ levaram Rodrigo Pimpão ao Botafogo. Na época, ele já tinha passado por nove clubes em sete anos e precisava de☀️ sequência - algo que só teve no Botafogo, entre 2023 e 2023.
— Eu fui vice-artilheiro da Série B de 2014,☀️ o que chamou atenção do René Simões. Ele acabou contratando os três artilheiros da Série B, porque o Botafogo tinha☀️ caído para a Série B e ele queria jogadores com experiência na competição. Muitos jogadores não estavam aceitando propostas do☀️ Botafogo. Eu mesmo tinha proposta de clubes de Série A na época. Mas com a ligação de René Simões e☀️ do Antônio Lopes eu vi que estava indo para um clube onde o treinador me queria, a diretoria me queria,☀️ e nascia um grande projeto - lembra Pimpão.
Rodrigo Pimpão pelo América-RN contra o Fluminense — 
: Jorge Rodrigues/ Agência Estado
Depois☀️ do auge
Quando o peso das cobranças no Botafogo criou sobrecarga, Rodrigo Pimpão ficou livre no mercado e acertou com o☀️ CSA em 2023.
— O Pimpão se tornou um nome muito forte depois da Libertadores. Para qualquer clube que eu fosse☀️ eu seria cobrado por isso. Foi assim até o último clube que eu joguei, mas eu acho que soube lidar.☀️ A gente aprende com o tempo. Eu fiz muitos trabalhos extracampo com coach de performance, só que às vezes você☀️ acaba perdendo a cabeça - admite.
No CSA, Pimpão foi campeão e artilheiro do Campeonato Alagoano. Depois Pimpão decidiu ir para☀️ o Operário-PR, e demorou 26 jogos para conseguir balançar as redes. O primeiro gol veio justamente contra o ex-clube. No☀️ jogo contra o CSA, no dia 23 de outubro, Rodrigo Pimpão marcou duas vezes.
— Depois daquele jogo eu entrei no☀️ vestiário e desabei. Estavam engasgadas algumas situações. Mesmo com toda a minha experiência eu sou um cara muito emotivo. E☀️ me dedico sempre ao máximo, é uma marca minha, meu jeito de ser. Eu sabia que eu podia dar mais☀️ de mim. Por isso ia para Curitiba buscar médicos adequados para fazer um trabalho diferenciado semanalmente, que começou a dar☀️ resultado... mas na oportunidade que surgiu, financeiramente melhor, eu sai do clube - explica.
— No mesmo ano o Operário-PR caiu☀️ de divisão. Eu poderia ter assumido uma culpa muito grande por essa queda, ou ter livrado o clube do rebaixamento.☀️ A gente não sabe - disse Pimpão.
Os gols de CSA 2 x 4 Operário-PR pela 31ª rodada da Série B☀️ 2023
Depois do Operário-PR, Pimpão jogou 11 partidas no Remo e nove no Marcílio Dias. O atacante nega arrependimentos, mas se☀️ pudesse voltar atrás, teria mais cuidado com as saídas precipitadas dos clubes em que atuou.
— Eu não me arrependo de☀️ nada, mas talvez devesse ter esperado, tomado atitudes diferentes desde a saída do Botafogo - acrescenta.
Aposentadoria
Aos 36 anos, Pimpão foi☀️ decisivo pelo Trieste, na conquista do título da Suburbana de Curitiba. Ele fez um dos gols na final, aproveitando a☀️ sobra na área para mandar de voleio para a rede. O time venceu o Novo Mundo por 3 a 2,☀️ no tempo normal, e garantiu a taça depois, nos pênaltis.
Sobre o futuro, o atacante está focado em aproveitar o tempo☀️ com os dois filhos e a família.
— Meus últimos anos foram muito estressantes e tomei muitas decisões que não deram☀️ certo. Resolvi parar para pensar e focar um pouquinho na minha família. Para não ficar parado, tive essa oportunidade de☀️ estar ajudando o Trieste. Tenho um carinho muito grande pelo Ary Marques, que foi quem me aceitou na base do☀️ Paraná Clube em 2008. Nada mais justo que poder ajudá-lo nesse momento em que estou nessa indecisão - explica o☀️ jogador.
Rodrigo Pimpão com a camisa do Trieste — 
: Carlos Martini
Mais do esporte paranaense em ge.penalty shootout casino/pr
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